Necrohemorrhagic enteritis outbreak in a cattle feedlot in Nova Crixás, Goiás, Brazil / Surto de enterite necro-hemorrágica em um confinamento de bovinos no município de Nova Crixás, Goiás, Brasil

This study described an outbreak of necrohemorrhagic enteritis in a beef cattle feedlot in Nova Crixás, State of Goiás, Brazil, with emphasis on epidemiological, lesional, and laboratory aspects. Visits to the property were carried out and a necroscopic examination was performed on the bovine cadavers (N=57), which presented similar macroscopic alterations. Epidemiological data were collected, mainly referring to the feeding management of animals, and tissue samples were submitted to histopathological examination. Samples of feces and intestinal contents were also collected for bacterial isolation and PCR genotyping to detect the etiological agent, being confirmed Clostridium perfringens type A strains in 100% of the samples. Furthermore, 33.3% of strains isolated from intestinal contents and 40% of those isolated from feces were positive for beta-2 encoding gene. Considering the history, macroscopic and microscopic findings, as well as bacterial isolation and PCR, the diagnosis of bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis was determined.(AU)

Descreve-se um surto de enterite necro-hemorrágica em um confinamento de bovinos de corte no município de Nova Crixás, Estado de Goiás, Brasil, com ênfase nos aspectos epidemiológicos, lesionais e laboratoriais. Foram realizadas visitas à propriedade e todos os cadáveres bovinos (N=57) foram submetidos ao exame necroscópico, os quais apresentaram alterações macroscópicas semelhantes. Foram compilados dados epidemiológicos, sobretudo referentes ao manejo alimentar dos animais e amostras de tecido foram submetidas a exame histopatológico. Foram colhidas, também, amostras de fezes e conteúdo intestinal para isolamento bacteriano e genotipagem por PCR para detecção do agente etiológico, sendo confirmadas estirpes de Clostridium perfringens tipo A em 100% das amostras. Ainda, 33,3% das cepas de Clostridium perfringens isoladas no conteúdo intestinal e 40% daquelas isoladas nas fezes foram positivas para o gene codificador da toxina beta-2. Considerando o histórico, os achados macroscópicos e microscópicos, o isolamento bacteriano e o PCR, foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de enterite necro-hemorrágica por C. perfringens tipo A.(AU)

Exogenous enzyme complex prevents intestinal soybean meal-induced enteritis in Mugil liza (Valenciennes, 1836) juvenile

ABSTRACT Four soybean meal-based diets containing increasing levels of an enzyme complex (E50, E100, E150 and E200 at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g ton-1, respectively) and one soybean meal-based diet without the enzyme complex (E0) were fed in triplicate to M. liza juveniles in a semi-static flow system with 20 fish per tank for 75 days. There were no differences between the treatments for animal performance parameters, but fish fed the enzyme complex treatment exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher values of calcium bone retention compared with control fish. Although there was no relationship between bacterial counts in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract or enzyme levels, filamentous bacteria were increased in E50 compared with E150. All of the treatments resulted in higher bacterial counts in the stomach than in intestinal segments. Histological screening showed serious to moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells, modification in villus morphology and necrosis in some cases in fish fed the E0 diet. In addition, fish from the E0 treatment exhibited significantly (P<0.05) lower lipid deposition in the peritoneal cavity. Therefore, the use of low levels of exogenous enzyme is recommended in diets for M. liza when soybean meal is used as the main source of protein.

Ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in neotropical primates / Enterite ulcerativa e granulomatosa com parasitismo de Molineus torulosus em primatas neotropicais

This paper reports eleven cases of ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in different species of neotropical primates of the Sapajus genus. All of the affected monkeys had been apprehended by the environmental police and were being treated in a rehabilitation center for wild animals. The clinical history was weight loss and debility. During the necropsy, several nodules were found on the duodenum and proximal jejunum wall, with ulcers on the adjacent intestinal mucosa, including the nodules in the pancreas of four monkeys. Histologically, eosinophilic granulomas were observed in the small intestine, associated with fibrosis, eggs and adult models of Trichostrongylidae, etiology consistent with Molineus torulosus. This study describes the first cases of parasitism in Sapajus flavius, a species previously considered extinct, but recently rediscovered, and presents the occurrence of M. torulosus in two other species, Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus apella.(AU)

São relatados 11 casos de enterite ulcerativa e granulomatosa associada ao parasitismo por Molineus torulosus em diferentes espécies de primatas neotropicais do gênero Sapajus. Todos os macacos afetados haviam sido apreendidos pela polícia ambiental e estavam sendo tratados em um centro de reabilitação de animais silvestres. O histórico clínico era de emagrecimento e debilidade. Durante a necropsia, foram constatados diversos nódulos na parede do duodeno e jejuno proximal, com úlceras na mucosa intestinal adjacente, além de nódulos no pâncreas de quatro macacos. Histologicamente, observou-se no intestino delgado, granulomas eosinofílicos associados à fibrose, ovos e exemplares adultos de tricostrongilídeos, etiologia consistente com Molineus torulosus. O presente trabalho descreve os primeiros casos de parasitismo em Sapajus flavius, uma espécie antes considerada extinta e recentemente redescoberta, e relata a ocorrência de M. torulosus em outras duas espécies, Sapajus libidinosus e Sapajus apella.(AU)

Epizootic amebiasis outbreak in wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in a wildlife facility during captivity prior to translocation - Recommendations to wildlife management programs / Surto epizoótico de amebíase em Bugio preto (Alouatta caraya) provenientes de vida livre durante o cativeiro prévio a translocação - Recomendações a programas de manejo de fauna

The capture and quarantine of non-human primates could be necessary in some circumstances including those required under environmental permit. Mortality is undesirable for wildlife management programs and could be related to opportunistic pathogens, for example, deaths due to intestinal protozoa infection outbreaks as described here. Parasitological, necroscopic, microbiological, and molecular tests were used in the diagnosis of severe necrotic enteritis leading to death of three female and two male black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) captured and held in quarantine prior to translocation. Parasitological tests showed the presence of cysts of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5/5), Entamoeba coli (5/5) and Giardia duodenalis (1/5). Necroscopic assessment revealed areas of severe multifocal necrosis in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of structures morphologically compatible to Entamoeba spp. in all individuals examined. Furthermore, G. duodenalis (1/5) was demonstrated by the nested PCR technique. During temporary captivity of non-human primates in management programs, proper handling protocols, including fast or immediate destination, are suggested in order to mitigate the negative effects of stress and decrease the risk of infections.(AU)

Óbitos por infecções causadas por protozoários intestinais são indesejáveis para programas de manejo de fauna, exigidos no âmbito do licenciamento ambiental e que demandam a captura e quarentena de primatas não humanos. Exames coproparasitológicos, necroscópicos, microbiológicos e moleculares foram utilizados para a confirmação do diagnóstico de uma severa enterite necrótica que levou a óbito três fêmeas e dois machos de Alouatta (A.) caraya capturados e mantidos em quarentena prévia à translocação. Exames coproparasitológicos revelaram a presença de cistos de Entamoeba (E.) histolytica/dispar (5/5), Entamoeba (E.) coli (5/5) e Giardia (G.) duodenalis (1/5). A avaliação necroscópica revelou áreas de necrose multifocal severa na mucosa e submucosa intestinal. A análise microscópica revelou a presença de estruturas morfologicamente compatíveis com trofozoítos do gênero Entamoeba spp. em todos os indivíduos examinados. Além disso, G. duodenalis (1/5) foi demonstrada pela técnica de Nested PCR. Sugere-se que quando for necessário o cativeiro temporário de primatas, deverão ser adotados protocolos de manejo adequados buscando a destinação imediata dos animais, de moto a mitigar os efeitos negativos do estresse e reduzir o risco da ocorrência de infecções.(AU)

Modelo de protocolo experimental para induzir, classificar e avaliar as enterites inespecíficas em frangos de corte / Experimental protocol model to induce, classified and evaluate non specific enteritis in broilers

Vários fatores negativos podem afetar a saúde intestinal de frangos de corte e reduzir o seu desempenho. Aditivos para alimentação animal, chamados melhoradores de crescimento são utilizados na produção de frangos para controlar os problemas intestinais. Entretanto, a dificuldade de se induzir enterites em condições experimentais torna difícil a avaliação destes produtos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o melhor modelo experimental para induzir enterite em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 192 pintinhos de corte, machos (Cobb 500®), divididos em esquema fatorial 2x4 (com boa ou baixa qualidade do óleo na dieta e com ou sem vacina contra coccidiose e doença de Gumboro), com oito tratamentos. As aves foram alojadas em cama de maravalha, com água e ração à vontade, e foram pesadas semanalmente. Nos dias 14, 21, 28 e 35, seis aves por tratamento foram abatidas para avaliação de lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas mediante a implementação de um sistema padrão de classificação de severidade das lesões que considerou infiltração linfocítica, morfologia dos enterócitos, edema intersticial e dilatação dos vasos linfáticos na mucosa do intestino. Foi observado que frangos alimentados com gordura de baixa qualidade na ração apresentaram menor ganho de peso e maior severidade de lesões histológicas em todos os segmentos intestinais. Estas lesões foram mais severas em aves desafiadas com coccidiose e doença de Gumboro. Estes resultados sugerem que a inclusão de gordura de baixa qualidade na ração, associada ao desafio com cocciciose no primeiro dia de vida e contra doença de Gumboro no 16º dia, é o melhor protocolo para induzir enterite em frangos de corte em condições experimentais, e ainda que o sistema padrão de classificação de severidade de lesões intestinais foi adequado para avaliar as enterites em frangos de corte.

Several negative conditions affect broilers intestinal health and reduce their performance. Feed additives, called growth promoters, are used in broilers production to control enteric problems, but is very difficult to evaluate these products in experimental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the best experimental model to induce enteritis in broilers. A 192 one-day-old male broilers (Cobb 500®) were divided into 2x4 a factorial design (with good or poor quality oil in diet and with or without coccidiosis and Gumboro disease vaccine), with eight treatments. The birds were housed on litter, with water and feed ad libitum and were weighed weekly. At days 14, 21, 28 and 35, six birds per treatment were euthanized and gut gross lesions evaluated. Samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for histopathological evaluation. A standard lesion score considering lymphocytic infiltration, enterocytes morphology, interstitial edema, and lymph vessel dilation was used. It was observed that broilers fed with poor quality of oil in the diet showed lower body weight and more severe macroscopic and histopathologic lesions on all intestinal segments. These lesions were more severe in birds challenged with coccidiosis and Gumboro disease. The results suggest that an inclusion of poor quality of oil in diet, associated with challenge with coccidiosis at first day and Gumboro virus vaccine at 16 day is the best protocol to promote enteritis in broilers at experimental conditions, and that use of standard lesion score was useful to evaluate enteritis.

A phylogenetic study of canine parvovirus type 2c in midwestern Brazil / Estudo filogenético do parvovírus canino tipo 2c no Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Since the late 1970s, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has emerged as a causative agent of fatal severe acute hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. To date, three antigenic types of CPV-2 were described worldwide (CPV-2a/b/c). This study was conducted to determine the variants of CPV-2 circulating in dogs from the Cuiabá Municipality in Midwestern Brazil. Out of 50 fecal samples, collected between 2009 and 2011, 27 tested positive for CPV-2. A 583 bp fragment of the VP2 gene was amplified by PCR, 13 representative samples were analyzed further by DNA sequencing. All strains were characterized as CPV-2c, displayed a low genetic variability although observed several amino acid substitution. These findings indicated that CPV-2c has been circulating in dogs from the Cuiabá Municipality in Midwestern Brazil.

Desde o final dos anos de 1970, o parvovírus canino tipo 2 (CPV-2) tem emergido como agente de severa e fatal enterite hemorrágica, principalmente em cães com idade inferior a seis meses. Três variantes antigênicas de CPV-2 foram descritas mundialmente (CPV-2a/b/c). O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a presença do CPV-2 e suas variantes circulantes em cães no Município de Cuiabá, Centro-oeste, Brasil. Das 50 amostras fecais, coletadas entre 2009 e 2011, 27 foram positivas para CPV-2 na PCR, sendo 13 analisadas pelo sequenciamento de um fragmento de 583 pares de base do gene VP2. Todas as cepas foram caracterizadas como CPV-2c e apresentaram baixa variabilidade genética. Estes achados indicaram que o CPV-2c está circulando na população canina do Município de Cuiabá, Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil.

Apoptosis induced in vivo by new type gosling viral enteritis virus

In this study, apoptosis was induced by new type gosling viral enteritis virus (NGVEV) in experimentally infected goslings is reported in detail for the first time. After 3-day-old goslings were orally inoculated with a NGVEV-CN strain suspension, the time course of NGVEV effects on apoptotic morphological changes of the internal tissues was evaluated. These changes were observed by histological analysis with light microscopy and ultrastructural analysis with transmission electron microscopy. DNA fragmentation was assessed with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and DNA ladder analysis. A series of characteristic apoptotic morphological changes including chromatin condensation and margination, cytoplasmic shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies were noted. Apoptosis was readily observed in the lymphoid and gastrointestinal organs, and sporadically occurred in other organs after 3 days post-infection (PI). The presence and quantity of TUNEL-positive cells increased with infection time until 9 days PI. DNA extracted from the NGVEV-infected gosling cells displayed characteristic 180~200 bp ladders. Apoptotic cells were ubiquitously distributed, especially among lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, and epithelial and intestinal cells. Necrosis was subsequently detected during the late NGVEV-infection phase, which was characterized by cell swelling, plasma membrane collapse, and rapidly lysis. Our results suggested that apoptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of NGVE disease.

Isolation and identification of C. perfringens from field chickens suspected to be infected with Necrotic Enteritis in relation to season

Examined field chickens with signs and lesions of natural infection with necrotic enteritis [NE] revealed the isolation of Clostridium perfringens [C. perfringens] from positive chickens at the rate of 63.33%, 30%, 30% and 66.66% in autumn, winter, spring and summer; respectively. The overall positive samples were 57 out of examined 120 chickens with incidence of 47.5%. Regarding chicken breed, isolation rate in autunm were 65% and 60.0%, in winter 35.0% and 20.0%, in spring 25.0% and 40.0%, in summer 85.0% and 30.0% was recorded out of broilers and layers; respectively. C. perfringens isolates were serologically typed into 24 type A, 3 type C and 30 nontoxigenic isolates. Type A isolates were 5, 2, 6 and 11 in autumn, winter, spring and summer; respectively. While type C isolates were 2 in autumn and 1 in spring. C. perflingens Type A recovered from broiler and layer were 2 and 3, 2 and 0, 4 and 2, 10 and 1 in autumn, winter, spring and summer; respectively. Only 2 isolates of type C were recovered in autumn and I in spring

Toxinas de Clostridium perfringens / Toxins of Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens es un bacilo grampositivo anaerobio con capacidad de formar esporas. Es uno de los patógenos bacterianos con mayor distribución en el medio ambiente, ya que puede ser aislado de muestras de suelo y de agua y además forma parte de la microbiota intestinal de animales y humanos. Sin embargo, en ciertas ocasiones puede actuar como patógeno oportunista y causar enfermedades como la gangrena gaseosa, la enterotoxemia del ovino y del caprino y la disentería del cordero, entre otras. En humanos, está asociado a enfermedades como la intoxicación por alimentos, la enterocolitis necrotizante en niños y la enteritis necrótica o pigbel de las tribus de Papúa-Nueva Guinea. El renovado interés que existe actualmente en el estudio de C. perfringens como patógeno veterinario y humano, junto con el avance de la biología molecular, han hecho posible que la ciencia tenga hoy un conocimiento más profundo sobre la biología y la patogenia de esta bacteria. En esta revisión bibliográfica se discuten y actualizan los principales aspectos de la patogenia intestinal de C. perfringens teniendo en cuenta las toxinas con mayor importancia médica descritas hasta el presente.

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming bacillus. It is one of the pathogens with larger distribution in the environment; it can be isolated from soil and water samples, which also belongs to the intestinal flora of animals and humans. However, on some occasions it can act as an opportunistic pathogen, causing diseases such as gas gangrene, enterotoxemia in sheep and goats and lamb dysentery, among others. In human beings, it is associated to diseases such as food poisoning, necrotic enterocolitis of the infant and necrotic enteritis or pigbel in Papua-New Guinea tribes. The renewed interest existing nowadays in the study of C. perfringens as a veterinarian and human pathogen, together with the advance of molecular biology, had enabled science to have deeper knowledge of the biology and pathology of these bacteria. In this review, we discuss and update the principal aspects of C. perfringens intestinal pathology, in terms of the toxins with major medical relevance at present.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from broiler chickens / Sensibilidade antimicrobiana de estirpes de Clostridium perfringens isoladas de aves de corte

Clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of chickens as well as a potential pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis and colangio hepatitis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of seven different compounds used for therapy, growth promotion or prevention of coccidiosis was determined by agar dilution method for 55 C. perfringens strains isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens. All strains showed high susceptibility to penicillin, avilamycin, monensin and narasin. Only 7.3% of the strains showed an intermediated sensitivity to lincomycin, and 49 (89.1%) were considered susceptible. For tetracycline and bacitracin, 41.8% and 47.3% of strains, respectively, were considered resistant.

Clostridium perfringens é um habitante normal da microbiota intestinal de frangos, sendo um agente potencialmente patogênico, causador de enterite necrótica e colangio-hepatite.A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de sete drogas utilizadas na terapêutica, como agentes promotores de crescimento ou na prevenção de coccidiose foi determinada pelo método de diluição em ágar para 55 estirpes de C. perfringens isoladas do intestino de frangos de corte. Todas as estirpes revelaram alta sensibilidade à penicilina, avilamicina, narasin e monensina, apenas 7,3% demonstraram CIM intermediário para lincomicinae 89.1% foram consideradas sensíveis. Para tetraciclina e bacitracina, 41,8% e 47.3% das amostras, respectivamente, foram consideradas resistentes.

Genotipicação de Clostridium perfringens isolados de frangos de corte através da PCR múltipla / Genotyping Clostridium perfringens broiler chickens isolates by multiplex PCR products analyses

Clostridium perfringens (Cp) é uma bactéria aneróbica gram positiva que, além de provocar gangrena gasosa e enterotoxemia em humanos e animais, constitui-se na principal causa de enterite necrótica em aves de criações intensificadas. A identificação dos isolados foi realizada pela reação de lecitinase em ágar TSC-gema de ovo, colônias com dupla hemólise em ágar sangue desfibrinado de eqüino, coloração de Gram e provas bioquímicas. Das amostras analisadas, 171Cp foram isolados em jejuno e íleo de frangos de corte provenientes de um frigorífico da região de Pará de Minas-MG. Cp foi isolado em 62 (49,6 por cento) de 125 amostras de conteúdo lumenal de jejunos e em 109 (87,2 por cento) de igual número de íleos dos frangos de corte. Utilizando-se a técnica da PCR múltipla para genotipicacão das estirpes de Cp, de acordo com os genes para as toxinas principais e letais (cpa, cpb, etx e iA), da toxina cpb2 (cpb2) e enterotoxina (cpe), as estirpes de Cp isoladas foram classificadas em cinco tipos toxigênicos (A-E). Das 62 estirpes de Cp isoladas do jejuno, foram obtidos 42/62 (67,7 por cento) tipo A, 1/62 (1,6 por cento) tipo A com produto de amplificação para o gene da toxina beta2, 0/62 (0 por cento) tipo B, 17/62 (27,4 por cento) tipo C, 1/62 (1,6 por cento) tipo D. Das 109 amostras de Cp isolados do íleo das aves foram obtidos 62/109 (56,9 por cento) tipo A, 3/109 (2,7 por cento) tipo A com produto de amplificação para o gene da toxina beta2, 1/62 (0,9 por cento) tipo B, 38/109 (34,9 por cento) tipo C, 1/109 (0,9 por cento) tipo D. Cp A (60,8 por cento) e Cp C (32,2 por cento) foram os tipos toxigênicos predominantes em conteúdo intestinal de frango de corte. Cinco (2,9 por cento) das 171 amostras de Cp isolados não foram tipificadas. Não foram detectados os genes codificadores das toxinas iota (iA) e enterotoxina (cpe) em nenhuma das 171 estirpes de Cp caracterizados.

Clostridium perfringens (Cp) is an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium which causes gaseous gangrene and enterotoxaemias in humans and domestic animals, besides being the primary cause of necrotic enteritis in poultry. Cp isolates were preliminary identified according to the lecithinase test on agar TSC-egg yolk, colony with double haemolysis in desfibrinated horse blood agar, Gram staining and biochemical tests. Cp isolates (171) were obtained from the intestinal content of broiler chickens sampled in a slaughterhouse in Pará de Minas city, MG, Brazil. Cp was isolated in 62/125 (49.6 percent) strains from jejunum content and in 109/125 (87.2 percent) of ileum. Cp strains were classified into five toxigenic types (A-E), using multiplex PCR assay for genotyping of the principal and lethal toxins in the detection of genes coding for toxins alfa, beta, epsilon e iota, nomely genes cpa, cpb, etx e iA genes, beta2 toxin (cpb2) and enterotoxin (cpe). From a total of 62 Cp jejunum isolates obtained 42/62 (67.7 percent) were type A, 1/62 (1.6 percent) type A with the amplification of products for beta2 toxin gene (A/B2), 0/62 (0 percent) type B, 17/62 (27.4 percent) type C and 1/62 (1.6 percent) type D. A total of 109 ileum Cp isolates were obtained being 62/109 (56.9 percent) type A, 3/109 (2.7 percent) type A/B2 toxin gene, 1/62 (0.9 percent) type B, 38/109 (34.9 percent) type C, 1/109 (0.9 percent) type D. Cp A (60.8 percent) and Cp C (32.2 percent) toxigenic types were the most prevalent types in the analyzed intestinal contents of broiler chickens Cp A 104/171 (60.8 percent) and 55/171 (32.2 percent) toxigenic types which were the most prevalent types analyzed into two partes of the intestinal content of broiler chickens. Five (2.9 percent) out of 171 Cp isolates were not typified. The iota toxin (iA) and enterotoxin gene (cpe) codifying genes were not identified.

Enterite necrótica aviária: [revisão] / Avian necrotic enteritis: [review]

A Enterite Necrótica Aviária (ENA) é uma enterotoxemia aguda que aparece subitamente e provoca morte rápida, afetando principalmente animais jovens. Embora seu impacto negativo na produção, devido ao aumento da conversão alimentar e da condenação de carcaças seja já conhecido, questões relacionadas à etiologia, à patogenia e ao controle desta importante enfermidade necessitam de maiores esclarecimentos. Nos últimos anos, o controle da ENA baseou-se na aplicação de antibióticos na ração animal, prática banida pelo mercado consumidor, que exigiu o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controle. Esta revisão aborda informações sobre a etiologia, a epizootiologia, a patogenia, o diagnóstico e o controle da doença, em especial a utilização de probióticos e vacinas como alternativas de controle da ENA.

Avian Necrotic Enteritis is an acute enterotoxaemia that appears suddenly producing rapid deaths, affecting mainly young animals. Although its negative impact in poultry production is already known, factors related to etiology, pathogenesis and control of this important disease need better clarifications. For a long time its control was based on the use of antibiotics in poultry feed, whose the use was banned by several consumer markets, requiring the development of new control strategies. Informations on the etiology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control are reviewed, emphasizing the role of probiotics and vaccines as control alternatives.

Ocorrência de Acanthocephala em Leontopithecus (Lesson, 1840), cativos: aspectos clínico-patológicos. Callitrichidae-Primates / Acanthocephala infections in captives lion tamarins Leontopithecus (Lesson, 1840): clinical pathologic aspects. Callitrichidae-Primates

Estudaram-se achados de necropsia de 454 espécimens de Leontopithecus. Quatorze (3,1 por cento) apresentaram-se infectados por acantocéfalos intestinais identificados como Prosthenorchis elegans (Diesing, 1861). Não foram observadas diferenças na ocorrência do parasito quanto à espécie, origem - cativos ou selvagens - e sexo. Clinicamente os animais apresentaram-se com o pelame eriçado, apatia, inapetência, dores abdominais e diarréia. Em dois animais parasitados (14,2 por cento), observou-se perfuração da parede intestinal. As lesões encontradas caracterizaram-se por uma grave enterite ulcerativa. A ocorrência desses parasitos reforça a necessidade do estabelecimento de protocolos sanitários rígidos no manejo das espécies de primatas do neotrópico

This study assessed the autopsy findings of 454 Leontopithecus specimens, 14 of which (3.1 percent) were infected by intestinal Acanthocephala identified as Prosthenorchis elegans (Diesing, 1861). No difference in the occurrence of the parasite was observed regarding the species, origin (captive or wild) and sex of the lion tamarins. Clinically, the animals had spiked coat, apathy, inappetence, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Two of the parasitized animals (14.2 percent) had perforation of the intestinal wall. The lesions found were characterized as a severe ulcerative enteritis. The occurrence of such parasites highlights the need for establishing strict sanitary protocols for the management of the neotropical primate species

Prevalencia de enteropatía proliferativa porcina y caracterización histopatológica de las lesiones asociadas en cerdos sacrificados en el Matadero Municipal de Medellín, Colombia / Prevalence of porcine proliferativa enteritis and histopathologycal characterization of associated lesions in slaughtered pigs of Medellín, Colombia

En el período comprendido entre julio y octubre del año 1997 se evaluaron 360 intestinos de cerdos sacrificados en el Matadero Municipal de Medellín, Colombia, con el objetivo de establecer la prevalencia de la Enteropatía Proliferativa Porcina (EPP) en el departamento de Antioquia, caracterizar las lesiones anatomopatológicas asociadas y determinar la presencia de su agente etiológico Lawsonia intracellularis. El cálculo de la muestra se efectuó de una población tabular infinita con un límite de confianza del 95 por ciento y una seguridad de ±5 por ciento. Las muestras obtenidas se sometieron a inspección macroscópica y evaluación histopatológica utilizando las coloraciones de Hematoxilina-Eosina y Warthin-Starry. El análisis de los resultados se efectuó mediante estadística descriptiva y la prueba de independencia y contingencia (chi-cuadrado). La prevalencia de EPP fue del 87.22 or ciento, determinada por la presencia de las lesiones características de la enfermedad asociadas a su agente etiológico L. intracellularis. Las formas lesionales más frecuentes fueron: Adenomatosis Intestinal en un 74.72 por ciento e Ileítis Regional en un 20.55 por ciento. Este artículo discute los hallazgos epidemiológicos y anatomopatológicos de EPP en el departamento de Antioquia y se constituye en el primer reporte del hallazgo de una bacteria como L. intracellularis diagnosticada por un método directo en Colombia.

Studies on the alpha toxin of clostridium perfringens type A in pigs

Se estudió si la toxina alfa desmpeña un papel en la enteritis del cerdo producida por C. perfringens tipo A. De las cepas aisladas de C, perfringens tipo A, 38 de 42 produjeron niveles detectables de toxina alfa con títulos de a a 256 unidades hemolíticas. La toxina alfa fue purificada a partir de una de esas cepas por medio de un procedimiento en 3 pasos, encontrándose libre de contaminantes. La toxina purificada se utilizó para la producción de una antitoxina, preparada en conejos y utilizada en el estudio de sus efectos en asas intestinales del cerdo en donde se observaron ligeros cambios histológicos que incluyen congestión de la mucosa y una hipercelularidad localizada en la lámina propia; los efectos de la toxina alfa fueron neutralizados por su antitoxina. En poblaciones sanas 45 de 106 sueros de cerdos presentaron títulos de anticuerpos antotoxina alfa de 1:2 a 1:32. Los resultados indicaron que cepas de C. perfringens tipo A productoras de toxina alfa se encuentran ampliamente diseminadas en las poblaciones porcinas y sugieron que la toxina alfa desempeña un papel dentro de la patogénesis de la enteritis producida por C. perfringens tipo A

Transferable antibiotic resistance [R-factors] in escherichia coli strains isolated from calves with enteritis

The resistant patterns of 98 tetracycline resistant trains of E. coli previously isolated from buffalo-calves with enteritis, were studied. These strains were mated with an Escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium recipient strains. Fifty nine per cent of them could transfer their tetracycline resistance to the recipient coli strain, while 66% could transfer it to the salmonella recipient strain. The relatively high incidence of transferable tetracycline resistance may be a result of the common practice of its use in controlling and preventing respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases in calves in Egypt. The practical measure to control the spread of this resistance factore is to minimize the use of this drug in veterinary medicine